std.PriorityDequeue

pub fn PriorityDequeue(comptime T: type, comptime Context: type, comptime compareFn: fn (context: Context, a: T, b: T) Order) type {
    return struct {
        const Self = @This();

        items: []T,
        len: usize,
        allocator: Allocator,
        context: Context,

        /// Initialize and return a new priority dequeue.
        pub fn init(allocator: Allocator, context: Context) Self {
            return Self{
                .items = &[_]T{},
                .len = 0,
                .allocator = allocator,
                .context = context,
            };
        }

        /// Free memory used by the dequeue.
        pub fn deinit(self: Self) void {
            self.allocator.free(self.items);
        }

        /// Insert a new element, maintaining priority.
        pub fn add(self: *Self, elem: T) !void {
            try self.ensureUnusedCapacity(1);
            addUnchecked(self, elem);
        }

        /// Add each element in `items` to the dequeue.
        pub fn addSlice(self: *Self, items: []const T) !void {
            try self.ensureUnusedCapacity(items.len);
            for (items) |e| {
                self.addUnchecked(e);
            }
        }

        fn addUnchecked(self: *Self, elem: T) void {
            self.items[self.len] = elem;

            if (self.len > 0) {
                const start = self.getStartForSiftUp(elem, self.len);
                self.siftUp(start);
            }

            self.len += 1;
        }

        fn isMinLayer(index: usize) bool {
            // In the min-max heap structure:
            // The first element is on a min layer;
            // next two are on a max layer;
            // next four are on a min layer, and so on.
            return 1 == @clz(index +% 1) & 1;
        }

        fn nextIsMinLayer(self: Self) bool {
            return isMinLayer(self.len);
        }

        const StartIndexAndLayer = struct {
            index: usize,
            min_layer: bool,
        };

        fn getStartForSiftUp(self: Self, child: T, index: usize) StartIndexAndLayer {
            const child_index = index;
            const parent_index = parentIndex(child_index);
            const parent = self.items[parent_index];

            const min_layer = self.nextIsMinLayer();
            const order = compareFn(self.context, child, parent);
            if ((min_layer and order == .gt) or (!min_layer and order == .lt)) {
                // We must swap the item with it's parent if it is on the "wrong" layer
                self.items[parent_index] = child;
                self.items[child_index] = parent;
                return .{
                    .index = parent_index,
                    .min_layer = !min_layer,
                };
            } else {
                return .{
                    .index = child_index,
                    .min_layer = min_layer,
                };
            }
        }

        fn siftUp(self: *Self, start: StartIndexAndLayer) void {
            if (start.min_layer) {
                doSiftUp(self, start.index, .lt);
            } else {
                doSiftUp(self, start.index, .gt);
            }
        }

        fn doSiftUp(self: *Self, start_index: usize, target_order: Order) void {
            var child_index = start_index;
            while (child_index > 2) {
                const grandparent_index = grandparentIndex(child_index);
                const child = self.items[child_index];
                const grandparent = self.items[grandparent_index];

                // If the grandparent is already better or equal, we have gone as far as we need to
                if (compareFn(self.context, child, grandparent) != target_order) break;

                // Otherwise swap the item with it's grandparent
                self.items[grandparent_index] = child;
                self.items[child_index] = grandparent;
                child_index = grandparent_index;
            }
        }

        /// Look at the smallest element in the dequeue. Returns
        /// `null` if empty.
        pub fn peekMin(self: *Self) ?T {
            return if (self.len > 0) self.items[0] else null;
        }

        /// Look at the largest element in the dequeue. Returns
        /// `null` if empty.
        pub fn peekMax(self: *Self) ?T {
            if (self.len == 0) return null;
            if (self.len == 1) return self.items[0];
            if (self.len == 2) return self.items[1];
            return self.bestItemAtIndices(1, 2, .gt).item;
        }

        fn maxIndex(self: Self) ?usize {
            if (self.len == 0) return null;
            if (self.len == 1) return 0;
            if (self.len == 2) return 1;
            return self.bestItemAtIndices(1, 2, .gt).index;
        }

        /// Pop the smallest element from the dequeue. Returns
        /// `null` if empty.
        pub fn removeMinOrNull(self: *Self) ?T {
            return if (self.len > 0) self.removeMin() else null;
        }

        /// Remove and return the smallest element from the
        /// dequeue.
        pub fn removeMin(self: *Self) T {
            return self.removeIndex(0);
        }

        /// Pop the largest element from the dequeue. Returns
        /// `null` if empty.
        pub fn removeMaxOrNull(self: *Self) ?T {
            return if (self.len > 0) self.removeMax() else null;
        }

        /// Remove and return the largest element from the
        /// dequeue.
        pub fn removeMax(self: *Self) T {
            return self.removeIndex(self.maxIndex().?);
        }

        /// Remove and return element at index. Indices are in the
        /// same order as iterator, which is not necessarily priority
        /// order.
        pub fn removeIndex(self: *Self, index: usize) T {
            assert(self.len > index);
            const item = self.items[index];
            const last = self.items[self.len - 1];

            self.items[index] = last;
            self.len -= 1;
            siftDown(self, index);

            return item;
        }

        fn siftDown(self: *Self, index: usize) void {
            if (isMinLayer(index)) {
                self.doSiftDown(index, .lt);
            } else {
                self.doSiftDown(index, .gt);
            }
        }

        fn doSiftDown(self: *Self, start_index: usize, target_order: Order) void {
            var index = start_index;
            const half = self.len >> 1;
            while (true) {
                const first_grandchild_index = firstGrandchildIndex(index);
                const last_grandchild_index = first_grandchild_index + 3;

                const elem = self.items[index];

                if (last_grandchild_index < self.len) {
                    // All four grandchildren exist
                    const index2 = first_grandchild_index + 1;
                    const index3 = index2 + 1;

                    // Find the best grandchild
                    const best_left = self.bestItemAtIndices(first_grandchild_index, index2, target_order);
                    const best_right = self.bestItemAtIndices(index3, last_grandchild_index, target_order);
                    const best_grandchild = self.bestItem(best_left, best_right, target_order);

                    // If the item is better than or equal to its best grandchild, we are done
                    if (compareFn(self.context, best_grandchild.item, elem) != target_order) return;

                    // Otherwise, swap them
                    self.items[best_grandchild.index] = elem;
                    self.items[index] = best_grandchild.item;
                    index = best_grandchild.index;

                    // We might need to swap the element with it's parent
                    self.swapIfParentIsBetter(elem, index, target_order);
                } else {
                    // The children or grandchildren are the last layer
                    const first_child_index = firstChildIndex(index);
                    if (first_child_index >= self.len) return;

                    const best_descendent = self.bestDescendent(first_child_index, first_grandchild_index, target_order);

                    // If the item is better than or equal to its best descendant, we are done
                    if (compareFn(self.context, best_descendent.item, elem) != target_order) return;

                    // Otherwise swap them
                    self.items[best_descendent.index] = elem;
                    self.items[index] = best_descendent.item;
                    index = best_descendent.index;

                    // If we didn't swap a grandchild, we are done
                    if (index < first_grandchild_index) return;

                    // We might need to swap the element with it's parent
                    self.swapIfParentIsBetter(elem, index, target_order);
                    return;
                }

                // If we are now in the last layer, we are done
                if (index >= half) return;
            }
        }

        fn swapIfParentIsBetter(self: *Self, child: T, child_index: usize, target_order: Order) void {
            const parent_index = parentIndex(child_index);
            const parent = self.items[parent_index];

            if (compareFn(self.context, parent, child) == target_order) {
                self.items[parent_index] = child;
                self.items[child_index] = parent;
            }
        }

        const ItemAndIndex = struct {
            item: T,
            index: usize,
        };

        fn getItem(self: Self, index: usize) ItemAndIndex {
            return .{
                .item = self.items[index],
                .index = index,
            };
        }

        fn bestItem(self: Self, item1: ItemAndIndex, item2: ItemAndIndex, target_order: Order) ItemAndIndex {
            if (compareFn(self.context, item1.item, item2.item) == target_order) {
                return item1;
            } else {
                return item2;
            }
        }

        fn bestItemAtIndices(self: Self, index1: usize, index2: usize, target_order: Order) ItemAndIndex {
            const item1 = self.getItem(index1);
            const item2 = self.getItem(index2);
            return self.bestItem(item1, item2, target_order);
        }

        fn bestDescendent(self: Self, first_child_index: usize, first_grandchild_index: usize, target_order: Order) ItemAndIndex {
            const second_child_index = first_child_index + 1;
            if (first_grandchild_index >= self.len) {
                // No grandchildren, find the best child (second may not exist)
                if (second_child_index >= self.len) {
                    return .{
                        .item = self.items[first_child_index],
                        .index = first_child_index,
                    };
                } else {
                    return self.bestItemAtIndices(first_child_index, second_child_index, target_order);
                }
            }

            const second_grandchild_index = first_grandchild_index + 1;
            if (second_grandchild_index >= self.len) {
                // One grandchild, so we know there is a second child. Compare first grandchild and second child
                return self.bestItemAtIndices(first_grandchild_index, second_child_index, target_order);
            }

            const best_left_grandchild_index = self.bestItemAtIndices(first_grandchild_index, second_grandchild_index, target_order).index;
            const third_grandchild_index = second_grandchild_index + 1;
            if (third_grandchild_index >= self.len) {
                // Two grandchildren, and we know the best. Compare this to second child.
                return self.bestItemAtIndices(best_left_grandchild_index, second_child_index, target_order);
            } else {
                // Three grandchildren, compare the min of the first two with the third
                return self.bestItemAtIndices(best_left_grandchild_index, third_grandchild_index, target_order);
            }
        }

        /// Return the number of elements remaining in the dequeue
        pub fn count(self: Self) usize {
            return self.len;
        }

        /// Return the number of elements that can be added to the
        /// dequeue before more memory is allocated.
        pub fn capacity(self: Self) usize {
            return self.items.len;
        }

        /// Dequeue takes ownership of the passed in slice. The slice must have been
        /// allocated with `allocator`.
        /// De-initialize with `deinit`.
        pub fn fromOwnedSlice(allocator: Allocator, items: []T, context: Context) Self {
            var queue = Self{
                .items = items,
                .len = items.len,
                .allocator = allocator,
                .context = context,
            };

            if (queue.len <= 1) return queue;

            const half = (queue.len >> 1) - 1;
            var i: usize = 0;
            while (i <= half) : (i += 1) {
                const index = half - i;
                queue.siftDown(index);
            }
            return queue;
        }

        /// Ensure that the dequeue can fit at least `new_capacity` items.
        pub fn ensureTotalCapacity(self: *Self, new_capacity: usize) !void {
            var better_capacity = self.capacity();
            if (better_capacity >= new_capacity) return;
            while (true) {
                better_capacity += better_capacity / 2 + 8;
                if (better_capacity >= new_capacity) break;
            }
            self.items = try self.allocator.realloc(self.items, better_capacity);
        }

        /// Ensure that the dequeue can fit at least `additional_count` **more** items.
        pub fn ensureUnusedCapacity(self: *Self, additional_count: usize) !void {
            return self.ensureTotalCapacity(self.len + additional_count);
        }

        /// Reduce allocated capacity to `new_len`.
        pub fn shrinkAndFree(self: *Self, new_len: usize) void {
            assert(new_len <= self.items.len);

            // Cannot shrink to smaller than the current queue size without invalidating the heap property
            assert(new_len >= self.len);

            self.items = self.allocator.realloc(self.items[0..], new_len) catch |e| switch (e) {
                error.OutOfMemory => { // no problem, capacity is still correct then.
                    self.items.len = new_len;
                    return;
                },
            };
        }

        pub fn update(self: *Self, elem: T, new_elem: T) !void {
            const old_index = blk: {
                var idx: usize = 0;
                while (idx < self.len) : (idx += 1) {
                    const item = self.items[idx];
                    if (compareFn(self.context, item, elem) == .eq) break :blk idx;
                }
                return error.ElementNotFound;
            };
            _ = self.removeIndex(old_index);
            self.addUnchecked(new_elem);
        }

        pub const Iterator = struct {
            queue: *PriorityDequeue(T, Context, compareFn),
            count: usize,

            pub fn next(it: *Iterator) ?T {
                if (it.count >= it.queue.len) return null;
                const out = it.count;
                it.count += 1;
                return it.queue.items[out];
            }

            pub fn reset(it: *Iterator) void {
                it.count = 0;
            }
        };

        /// Return an iterator that walks the queue without consuming
        /// it. The iteration order may differ from the priority order.
        /// Invalidated if the queue is modified.
        pub fn iterator(self: *Self) Iterator {
            return Iterator{
                .queue = self,
                .count = 0,
            };
        }

        fn dump(self: *Self) void {
            const print = std.debug.print;
            print("{{ ", .{});
            print("items: ", .{});
            for (self.items, 0..) |e, i| {
                if (i >= self.len) break;
                print("{}, ", .{e});
            }
            print("array: ", .{});
            for (self.items) |e| {
                print("{}, ", .{e});
            }
            print("len: {} ", .{self.len});
            print("capacity: {}", .{self.capacity()});
            print(" }}\n", .{});
        }

        fn parentIndex(index: usize) usize {
            return (index - 1) >> 1;
        }

        fn grandparentIndex(index: usize) usize {
            return parentIndex(parentIndex(index));
        }

        fn firstChildIndex(index: usize) usize {
            return (index << 1) + 1;
        }

        fn firstGrandchildIndex(index: usize) usize {
            return firstChildIndex(firstChildIndex(index));
        }
    };
}